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Flag of Iraq

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Flag of the Republic of Iraq
UseState and war flag, national ensign Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Reverse side is congruent with obverse side
Proportion2:3
Adopted22 January 2008; 16 years ago (2008-01-22)
DesignA horizontal tricolour of red, white, and black, charged with the takbīr in green Kufic script, centered on the white stripe.

The flag of Iraq (علم العراق) consists of the three equal horizontal red, white, and black stripes of the Arab Liberation Flag, with the takbīr written in green in the Kufic script in the centre.

This basic tricolour has been in use since its adoption on 31 July 1963, with several changes to the green symbols in the central white stripes; the most recent version adopted on 22 January 2008[1] bears the takbīr rendered in dark green and removes the three green stars present since 1963.[2] The flag was initially meant to be temporary, but the issue was ultimately set aside indefinitely.[3]

Colour scheme

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Valid for Iraqi flags 1963–present[4]

Red White Green Black
RGB 205/17/37 255/255/255 1/123/61 0/0/0
Hexadecimal #cd1125 #ffffff #017b3d #000000
CMYK 0/92/82/20 0/0/0/0 99/0/50/52 0/0/0/100

History

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Ancient Mesopotamia 2334–539 BC

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Stylized symbol of the sun-god Shamash, often represented on poles as a standard from the Akkadian period down to the Neo-Babylonian period.

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)

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The Abbasid Black Standard

The Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyad Caliphate adopted black for its rāyaʾ for which their partisans were called the musawwids.[5] Their rivals chose other colours in reaction; among these, forces loyal to Marwan II adopted red.[6] The choice of black as the colour of the Abbasid Revolution was already motivated by the "black standards out of Khorasan" tradition associated with the Mahdi. The contrast of white vs. black as the Fatimid vs. Abbasid dynastic colour over time developed in white as the colour of Shia Islam and black as the colour of Sunni Islam.[7] After the revolution, Islamic apocalyptic circles admitted that the Abbasid banners would be black but asserted that the Mahdi's standard would be black and larger.[8][9][10] Anti-Abbasid circles cursed "the black banners from the East", "first and last".[11]

Kingdom of Iraq (1921–1959)

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Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag 10 July 1924 – 1 January 1959 (ratio: 1:2)
Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag23 August 1921 – 10 July 1924 (ratio: 1:2), reused as Flag of the Arab Federation, of which Iraq was part, January 1, 1958 – December 31, 1958

The first flag of modern Iraq was in Mandatory Iraq, and was adopted in 1921. It was a black-white-green horizontal flag, with a red triangle extending from the mast side, inspired by the flag of the Arab Revolt. It was soon changed to a new version with a red trapezoid replacing the triangle containing two, seven-point white stars denoting the Tigris River and the Euphrates River. Both designs also reflected the newly installed Hashemite Dynasty in Iraq (originally from the Hejaz in the Arabian Peninsula), who had played a leading role in the Arab Revolt. As such, it was similar to the flags of Hashemite Jordan, and the short-lived Kingdom of Hejaz.[12][13] The new flag continued to be used in the Kingdom of Iraq.

1958

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Main article: Flag of the Arab Federation

In 1958, in response to the merger of Egypt and Syria in the United Arab Republic, the two Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan established the Arab Federation, a confederation of the two states. The flag of the union was essentially that of Jordan but without seven pointed star in the red chevron.[14] This flag is identical to the flag of Palestine adopted in 1964, and almost identical to the flag of the Ba'ath Party. The union lasted less than six months, being terminated by the Iraqi Revolution of 1958 in July.

Qasimist Iraq (1959–1963)

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Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag January 1, 1959 – July 31, 1963 (ratio: 1:2)

Following the Revolution of 14 July 1958, led by Abd al-Karim Qasim, which abolished the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq and turned the country into a republic, Iraq adopted a new flag (Law 102 of 1959) that consisted of a black-white-green vertical tricolour, with a red eight-pointed star with a yellow circle at its centre. The black, white, green, and red are the Pan-Arab colors, representing pan-Arabism, with the yellow Kurdish Sun in the middle to represent the Iraqi Kurds, surrounded by the red Star of Ishtar to represent the indigenous Assyrians.[15][16][17]

Ba'athist Iraq (1963–2004)

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Flag of the Iraqi Republic
Ba'athist Flag
Pre-Invasion Flag
The original variation adopted in 1963, used as the sole official flag until the Gulf War and later used as a co-official flag until 2003
"Banner of Islam"
Proportion2:3
Adopted1963; 61 years ago (1963)
1991; 33 years ago (1991) (with Takbir)
2012; 12 years ago (2012) (Sunni opposition)
Relinquished2008; 16 years ago (2008) (all variants, handwritten variant relinquished in 2004 by Coalition Provisional Authority)
DesignA horizontal tricolour of red, white, and black, charged with 3 equal stars, centered on the white stripe. (with the takbīr on both sides on the second star in later variations)
Version adopted in 1991
Version adopted in 2004

After Qassim was overthrown by the Ba'ath Party in 1963, the new Ba'athist government adopted a modified version of the Arab Liberation Flag as the new flag of Iraq on 31 July 1963 (Law 28 of 1963). This horizontal tricolour of red, white, and black bands (a subset of the Pan-Arab colours, first used in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952) formed the basis of the flag of the United Arab Republic (UAR). Though the UAR broke up in 1961, hopes for Arab unity persisted. As such, whereas the UAR flag had two green stars in the white band, signifying its two members (Egypt and Syria), the new Iraqi flag had three stars, symbolising the aspiration that Iraq would join with Egypt and Syria in a new union. Sharing this goal, Syria adopted the new Iraqi flag as its own later that same year. This remained the flag of Syria until 1971, when the green stars were replaced by the Hawk of Quraish as the Coat of arms of Syria.

Postage stamp commemorating the Ramadan Revolution, showcasing the 1963 flag

During the presidency of Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi Flag Law No. 28 of 1963 was replaced by Flag Law No. 33 of 1986, which did not alter the flag but changed the meaning of the three stars from their original geographic meaning to representations of the three tenets of the Ba'ath Party motto: wahda, hurriyah, ishtirakiyah (unity, freedom and socialism).

The 1991 flag being flown by Iraqi Sunnis, alongside the 2008 flag during the 2012 Iraqi protests

On 13 January 1991, the flag was modified by Flag Law No. 6 of 1991. At the instigation of President Saddam Hussein, the takbīr (the phrase Allahu akbar, meaning "God is the greatest" in Arabic) was added in green between the stars. The form of the takbīr was said to be Saddam's own handwriting.[18] Many[who?] interpreted the addition of the sacred Islamic text as an attempt to garner wartime support from previously outlawed religious Iraqi leaders, to stop the disrespect of the Iraqi flag in Iraqi-occupied Kuwait, and to bolster the Iraqi government's Islamist credentials in the period immediately preceding the Persian Gulf War. Despite this, the flag without the Takbir remained legal and remained in co-official use until 2003.

As with other flags inscribed with Arabic script, the hoist is to the right of the obverse (front) of the flag. The hamza over the alif of “Allah” in the main variant seems to be a spelling error according to formal Arabic grammar, but it is a common mistake found in many texts.[2]

This flag remerged during the 2012–2013 Iraqi protests as a symbol of Sunni (mainly Arab and Turkmen) identity in Iraq, and remains in use by Sunni Iraqi diaspora worldwide.

2004–2008

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The Pre-Invasion flag being used by U.S. Air Force to represent Iraq after the invasion in 2006
Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagReverse side is congruent with obverse side 15 August 2004 – 22 January 2008 variant of the flag of Iraq with stylized Kufic script (ratio: 2:3)

Owing to differing views on a flag proposed by the United States-appointed administration, and the prevailing opposition to an outright abandonment of the current Iraqi flag, a compromise measure was adopted by the U.S.-appointed Iraqi interim administration in 2004. The basic form of the existing flag was retained;[19] however, the takbīr was rendered in traditional stylized Kufic script, as opposed to the handwriting of Saddam Hussein.

The modified flag was unveiled at the ceremony marking the technical "handover" of power from the Coalition Provisional Authority occupation forces to the U.S.-appointed administration on 28 July 2004.[20]

Despite this measure, the Kurdish population still opposed the flag, as it contained the three stars associated with the Ba'athist regime of Saddam Hussein, and thus, the atrocities that were committed upon the Kurds by the Ba'athists.[21] This eventually led to the removal of the three stars in 2008, which also provoked some criticism among non-Kurdish Iraqis, who flew it in protest.[21]

2008–present

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Reverse side is congruent with obverse side 22 January 2008[1] – present flag of Iraq (ratio: 2:3)
Post-Ba'athist flag being flown alongside the Flag of Kurdistan in Erbil (2011)

On 22 January 2008,[1] the Council of Representatives of Iraq approved its new design for the national flag, confirmed by Law 9 of 2008 as the compromising temporary replacement for the Ba'athist Saddam-era flag. In this current version, the three stars were removed, with the two words of the takbīr being brought closer together and rendered in bold, and corrected the previous spelling of Allah (ألله to الله). The removal of the three stars was demanded by the Kurdish population of Iraq, who associated the three stars with the Al-Anfal genocide. But their removal provoked criticism among non-Kurdish Iraqis, mainly Iraqi Arabs, who argued that the stars did not represent the Ba'athist regime, and the city of Fallujah refused to fly the temporary flag that year unless instructed otherwise.[21] The parliament intended for the new design to last one year, after which a final decision on the flag would be made. However, the flag law was reviewed in parliament on 30 August 2009.[22]

In 2012, there was an effort to replace the flag with a new design.[23]

Symbolism

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The Iraqi flag consists of four colours: red, white, green and black, inspired by the poetic verse of Safi al-Din al-Hilli: "Our actions are bright, our battlefields are dark, our lands are green, and our swords are red with the blood of our enemies".[24]

Specifications

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Reverse side is congruent with obverse side 22:January 2008 – present flag of Iraq (ratio: 2:3)

The flag is in the form of a rectangle, the width of which is two-thirds of its length, and it consists of three horizontal bands of equal dimensions, the top in red, the middle in white, and the bottom in black, and the words ʾAllāhu ʾakbar "الله اكبر" in Kufic script coloured green is in the middle of the middle white rectangle. The ratio of flag is 2:3.

Flag proposals and flag contest

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2004 flag proposal and controversy

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Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagProposed flag, 2004 (later abandoned) during American occupation.
A comparison of the flags of some of Iraq's neighbours, Iraq's older flags, and the proposed flag.

Following the military invasion of Iraq by the United States in 2003, the Iraqi government was overthrown, and the Ba'ath party was outlawed. Strong speculation followed that the U.S. government would press for a change in the Iraqi flag to remove its pan-Arab symbolism, and to make a definitive break with the period of Ba'athist rule. To a degree, this view was shared by some groups in Iraq. In addition to some displeasure among Iraqis who had suffered under Saddam Hussein to retaining national symbols used by his government, there was also strong aversion to the flag from Iraq's Kurdish minority, who resented its evocation of pan-Arabism. However, Iraqi opponents of changing the flag argued that since the flag had been used since 1963, long before Saddam Hussein's presidency, it was unfair to characterise it as a "Saddamist" flag. They also stressed that pan-Arabism has been a dominant popular principle among Iraqi's majority population for decades prior to Iraqi independence in 1932.

On 14 August 2004 the U.S.-appointed Iraqi Governing Council (IGC) announced a new flag during Saddam's Iraq. The IGC stated that, from around 30 competing entries, it had chosen a design by the distinguished Iraqi artist-architect Rifat Chadirji, who lived in London, and is a brother of a member of the IGC. Chadirji commented that the guidelines stipulated that Iraq should be portrayed as part of the Western world, with historical elements included. His design was inspired by the flags of Canada and Switzerland.[25]

The proposed flag had several meanings:[25]

Symbol Meaning
White background Purity
Two blue bands The blue bands represent the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers.
Yellow band Kurdish minority. The flag of Kurdistan features a yellow sun.
Blue crescent The crescent represents Islam.
The shade of blue represents Iraqi Turkmens.

The design marked a notable break with the three flags of modern Iraqi history (namely the Arab Revolt-inspired flag of the Kingdom, the flag introduced by Abd al-Karim Qasim, and the Arab Liberation inspired flag of 1963), all of which were based on the four Pan-Arab colours. Indeed, of these colours, only white was represented in the IGC design. Moreover, Islamic crescents are usually depicted in green or red in Arab heraldry. The proposed change provoked an intensely negative reaction across groups of Iraq's Arab majority, including those vehemently opposed to Saddam Hussein. Those opposed to the U.S. occupation, including Shi'a cleric Muqtada al-Sadr, decried the design as an attempt by the U.S. government to strip Iraq of its identity, and its historically prominent role in the Arab world. In particular, critics lamented the proposed abandonment of the Arab Liberation Flag, the omission of the traditional colours of pan-Arabism, and the removal of the takbīr.

Additionally, the new flag's predominantly blue-on-white appearance immediately antagonized many in Iraq because of the claim that it was similar to the flag of Israel. Israel was considered hostile to Iraq since its establishment in 1948.

The new flag was reported to have been burned by insurgents in Fallujah on 27 April 2004, the day before its planned official adoption. [citation needed]

On 28 April 2004, IGC President Masoud Barzani formally presented a modified version of the flag in which the originally very light shade of blue as reported by the press on 26 April 2004 had been changed to a darker tone. It was unclear whether this was a change made because of the protests made against the original design or, as the Council claimed, a rectification of printing errors in the earlier news reports. Barzani also explained that the flag was a temporary design, to be used over the ensuing months until the adoption of a definitive flag.

In the face of the overwhelming public outcry, adoption of the blue crescent flag was abandoned entirely.

2008 flag proposal

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Reverse side is congruent with obverse side First proposal, 2008

Despite the compromise in 2004, opposition to the flag persisted from Kurdish groups. In January 2008, a new design was proposed, removing the three green stars, instead placing a green eight pointed star around a yellow circle in the middle of the takbīr, which is written in the Kufic script and prized as a Mesopotamian Arabic style, having originated in Iraq.[26]

2008 flag contest

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Reverse side is congruent with obverse side Second proposal, 2008

In July 2008, the Iraqi parliament launched a contest to design a new Iraqi flag. The contest ran until September 2008, with 50 designs submitted. Six designs were chosen and sent to the parliament which was to choose a new flag before the end of 2008.[27]

Another proposed design was also similar to the 2004–2008 flag, but the script was changed to yellow to represent the Kurdish people in northern Iraq. The meaning of the three stars would be changed to symbolize peace, tolerance and justice.[28]

Subnational flags

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Regions

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Flag Date Ratio Use Description
2005–present 2:3 Flag of Kurdistan, used in Kurdistan Region

Governorates

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See also: Governorates of Iraq
Flag Date Ratio Use Description
?–present 2:3 Flag of Al Anbar Governorate[29]
?–present 2:3 Flag of Babil Governorate
?–present 2:3 Flag of Baghdad Governorate[30][31]
?–present 2:3 Flag of Basra Governorate[32]
?–? 2:3 Former flag of Basra Governorate
?–present 2:3 Flag of Diyala Governorate[33]
?–present 2:3 Flag of Halabja Governorate[34][35]
?–present 2:3 Flag of Muthanna Governorate
?–present 2:3 Flag of Nineveh Governorate[36] White flag charged with the emblem of the governorate. The emblem depicts the leaning minaret of the Great Mosque of al-Nuri, Mosul surrounded by olive branches.
?–present 2:3 Flag of Saladin Governorate[37][38]
?–present 2:3 Flag of Kirkuk Governorate[39]
?–present 1:2 Flag of Sulaymaniyah Governorate[40]
?–present 2:3 Flag of Wasit Governorate


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Military flags

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Flag Date Ratio Use Description
Current
?–present 2:3 Flag of the Iraqi Ground Forces
?–present 2:3 Flag of the Iraqi Air Force
2003–present 2:3 Flag of the Iraqi Navy
2007–present 2:3 Flag of the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Service
?–present 2:3 Special Operations Iraq Flag
2:3 Flag of Shabak Militia
Former
?–2003 2:3 Ba'athist-era flag of the Iraqi Navy
?–2003 2:3 Flag of Fedayeen Saddam
14 May 2004–31 December 2009 2:3 Flag of the Multi-National Force – Iraq
2:3
January 1, 2010–December 15, 2011 2:3 Flag of the United States Forces – Iraq

Political/Rebel flags

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Flag Date Ratio Use Description
Current
2:3 Flag of the Kurdistan Democratic Party
2:3 Flag of the Babylon Movement
Flag of the Assyrian Democratic Movement
Flag of Nineveh Plain Protection Units
2:3 Flag of the Iraqi Communist Party
2:3 Flag of the Iraqi National Congress
2:3
2:3 Flag of the Islamic Dawa Party
2:3 Flag of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
2:3 Flag of the Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress
1:2 Flag of the Kurdistan Islamic Movement
Link to file Flag of Hezbollah Movement in Iraq
Link to file 2:3 Flag of the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
2:3 Flag of the Popular Mobilization Forces
Flag of Kata'ib Hezbollah
2:3 Flag of the Iraqi Turkmen Front
Flag of the Kurdistan Justice Group
Flag of the Islamic State
2:3 Flag of Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
Flag of Islamic Army of Iraq
Former
2:3 Flag of the Kurdistan Brigades
Flag of Al-Qaeda in Iraq
2:3 Flag of the Sons of Iraq
Flag of Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
Flag of the Mahdi Army
Flag of Ansar al-Islam
2:3 Flag of White Flags
Flag of the Iraqi Islamic Resistance Army
Flag of Islamic State of Iraq
Flag of Ansar al-Sunnah
Flag of Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army
2:3 Flag of Hamas of Iraq
2:3 Flag of Promised Day Brigade
Flag of the Anbar Tribal Councils

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c FOTW
  2. ^ a b "Evolution of the Iraqi Flag". Flags of the world. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
  3. ^ استياء في العراق تجاه العلم الوطني الجديد
  4. ^ "country flag". Directorate of Coordination and Protocol Presidency of the Council of Ministers Republic of Iraq. Government of Iraq. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  5. ^ Tabari (1995), Jane McAuliffe (ed.), Abbāsid Authority Affirmed, vol. 28, SUNY, p. 124
  6. ^ Patricia Crone (2012). The Nativist Prophets of Early Islam. p. 122. As remembered in pro-Umayyad apocalyptic: p. 125}
  7. ^ "The proselytes of the ʿAbbasid revolution took full advantage of the eschatological expectations raised by black banners in their campaign to undermine the Umayyad dynasty from within. Even after the ʿAbbasids had triumphed over the Umayyads in 750, they continued to deploy black as their dynastic colour; not only the banners but the headdresses and garments of the ʿAbbasid caliphs were black [...] The ubiquitous black created a striking contrast with the banners and dynastic color of the Umayyads, which had been white [...] The Ismaili Shiʿite counter-caliphate founded by the Fatimids took white as its dynastic color, creating a visual contrast to the ʿAbbasid enemy [...] white became the Shiʿite color, in deliberate opposition to the black of the ʿAbbasid 'establishment'." Jane Hathaway, A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen, 2012, pp. 97f.
  8. ^ Cook 2002, p. 153.
  9. ^ Cook 2002, p. 125.
  10. ^ Cook 2002, p. 206.
  11. ^ Patricia Crone (2012). The Nativist Prophets of Early Islam. p. 243.
  12. ^ ben cahoon. "Iraq". Worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  13. ^ "Vexilla Mundi". Vexilla Mundi. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  14. ^ "مسابقة تصميم علم جمهورية العراق - iraqiflag". Archived from the original on 2008-08-09. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  15. ^ Peter Symes. "The First Banknotes of the Central Bank of Iraq". Pjsymes.com.au. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  16. ^ Dawisha, Adeed (1 January 2003). "Requiem for Arab Nationalism". Middle East Quarterly. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
  17. ^ Amatzia Baram, "Mesopotamian Identity in Ba'thi Iraq," Middle Eastern Studies, Oct. 1983, p. 427.
  18. ^ Podeh, Elie; Pôde, Ēlî (2011-06-30). The Politics of National Celebrations in the Arab Middle East. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9781107001084.
  19. ^ "Republic of Iraq flag". World flags 101. Archived from the original on 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  20. ^ "CNN.com - U.S. returns sovereignty to Iraq - Jul 28, 2004". Archived from the original on August 3, 2004.
  21. ^ a b c "Discontent in Iraq over new national flag". Reuters. 2008-01-26. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  22. ^ "Council of Representatives of Iraq (parliament) schedule includes Iraqi law review on April 30, 2009. (in Arabic)". Council of Representatives of Iraq. 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
  23. ^ "Iraq aims to unite with new national anthem, flag". The Daily Star. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
  24. ^ "علم الدولة – protocol-PMO" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  25. ^ a b Beck, Ernest; Lasky, Julie (29 April 2004). "In Iraq, Flag Design, Too, Comes Under Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  26. ^ Garrels, Anne (2008-01-12). "Iraq to Restore Former Baath Party Followers". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  27. ^ "Iraqi new flag to be identified before year end". Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
  28. ^ Charif, Chalaan (2008-01-15). "Iraq's new flag half satisfies everyone". Radio Netherlands. Archived from the original on 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  29. ^ "Anbar governor Ali Farhan al-Dulaimi speaks to AFP at his office in". 7 October 2021.
  30. ^ "Baghdad Governorate (Iraq)".
  31. ^ "محافظ بغداد يؤكد اتخاذ اجراءات مشددة على المولدات الاهلية لمنع رفع الاسعار". 15 June 2021.
  32. ^ "Gulf 25 inspection team concludes its tour of Basra, holds a press conference – اتحاد كأس الخليج العربي لكرة القدم".
  33. ^ "Deputy governor of Diyala contracts COVID-19". Archived from the original on 2023-10-15. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
  34. ^ "مشروع قانون موازنة العراق لعام 2018 يشير إلى حلبجة كمحافظة (Iraq's 2018 budget bill refers to Halabja as a governorate)".
  35. ^ "زيارة رئيس المحكمة الى محافظة حلبجة".
  36. ^ "Mosul, Iraq. 2nd July, 2019. New governor of Nineveh Mansour al-Mar'eed speaks to Xinhua in an interview at his office in Nineveh province, Iraq, July 2, 2019. The governor of Iraq's northern province of Nineveh called on the Chinese companies to take part in the reconstruction of its capital Mosul. TO GO WITH: Iraqi governor calls on Chinese companies to take part in reconstruction of Mosul. Credit: Khalil Dawood/Xinhua/Alamy Live News Stock Photo - Alamy".
  37. ^ "Saladin (Salah ed-Din) Governorate (Iraq)".
  38. ^ "Chaos prevails in Saladin as two governors lock horns over who runs the governorate".
  39. ^ "Iraq fires Kirkuk governor in Kurdish referendum stand-off". Financial Times. 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10.
  40. ^ slemani.gov [@SlemaniGov] (14 June 2022). "رەوشی مافەكانی مرۆڤ تاووتوێ‌ دەكرێت https://t.co/iT3fPt3Tui https://t.co/P9ZVqR5vDv https://t.co/xutgAlQztV https://t.co/7M8B9ip87O https://t.co/3JrqGjKZZU https://t.co/xL8fxXDw6I" [The human rights situation will be discussed.] (Tweet) (in Central Kurdish). Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022 – via Twitter.
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