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North Carolina Attorney General

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Attorney General of North Carolina
Seal of the attorney general
Incumbent
Josh Stein
since January 1, 2017
Member ofCouncil of State
Term lengthFour years
Inaugural holderWaightstill Avery
Formation1776
SalaryUS$157,403 annually
Websitencdoj.gov

The attorney general of North Carolina is a statewide elected office in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The attorney general is a constitutional officer responsible for representing state agencies in legal matters, supplying other state officials and prosecutors with legal advice, and leading the North Carolina Department of Justice. The incumbent attorney general, Josh Stein, assumed office on January 1, 2017. The position of attorney general dates back to North Carolina's colonial history. North Carolina's 1776 constitution established the office as an official appointed by the North Carolina General Assembly. The state's 1868 constitution made the attorney general an elected executive official with their duties prescribed by law. Since 1971, the officer has sat on the North Carolina Council of State.

History

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The title "Attorney General" was used in the colonial territory encompassing what became North Carolina as early as 1677, when George Durant was appointed by Governor John Jenkins.[1] In 1697 the British Crown appointed an attorney general for the entire Province of Carolina;[2] such attorneys general would serve the entire province until it was split into the provinces North Carolina and South Carolina and both received their own attorneys general. The attorneys general in North Carolina and other British American colonies served as representatives of and exercised the same powers as the British attorneys general.[3] The last colonial attorney general, Thomas McGuire, was appointed in 1767 and, according to the Office of the North Carolina Secretary of State, "presumably" served until the outbreak of the American Revolution.[4]

Following the start of the revolution, the new states of the United States ratified constitutions, most of which provided for the position of attorney general. The Constitution of North Carolina, ratified on December 18, 1776, established the office in Article XIII. Under the article, the attorney general was to be appointed by the North Carolina General Assembly and to serve as long as they maintained "good behavior", similar to judges.[5] Like other state attorneys general, North Carolina's officer exercised authority derived from English common law, colonial traditions, and state laws.[6] The first attorney general for the independent state of North Carolina was Waightstill Avery, who served from 1777 to 1779.[7] The General Assembly placed significant limits on the attorney general's authority, appointing their deputies and, by 1806, curtailing their ability to prosecute cases to one of six specified jurisdictions in the state.[5]

The 1868 constitution made the attorney general an elected member of the executive branch.[5] Under this framework, the attorney general served as the legal advisor to the North Carolina Council of State, but was not formally one of its members.[8] The constitution made the attorney general an ex officio member of the State Board of Education[9] and provided for the officer's duties to be determined by law. That year, the General Assembly prescribed eight statutory duties for the attorney general: defending the state's interests in legal matters, representing government agencies upon request, advising local prosecutors, delivering an annual report to the legislature, summarizing reports from local prosecutors, providing legal advice to the legislature and other government agencies, delivering funds to the state, and maintaining a record of their office's accounts.[6] Most prosecutions for criminal offenses were made the responsibility of district solicitors.[10]

The state's new constitution in 1971 altered the attorney general's office and duties little, though it made the officer a full member of the Council of State and removed them from the State Board of Education.[11] The North Carolina Department of Justice—combining the Office of the Attorney General, the State Bureau of Investigation (SBI), the General Statutes Commission, and the police information network—was created by the General Assembly in 1971.[12][13] In the early 1970s, incumbent Robert Burren Morgan shifted the office's emphasis from government legal matters and law enforcement towards consumer protection, and raised its political profile by forming relationships with the governor, the General Assembly, and other states' attorneys general.[14] In 1984, a referendum approved an amendment to the constitution to require that the attorney general be licensed to practice law in North Carolina.[15] In 2014, the SBI was removed from the attorney general's purview and made an independent agency responsible to the governor.[16][17] The incumbent attorney general, Democrat Josh Stein, assumed office on January 1, 2017.[18]

Powers and duties

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Article III, Section 7, of the Constitution of North Carolina stipulates the popular election of the attorney general every four years.[19] The office holder is not subject to term limits.[20] In the event of a vacancy in the office, the Governor of North Carolina has the authority to appoint a successor until a candidate is elected at the next general election for members of the General Assembly. Per Article III, Section 8 of the constitution, the attorney general sits on the Council of State.[19] They are seventh in the line of succession to the governor.[21][22] As with all Council of State officers, the attorney general's salary is fixed by the General Assembly and cannot be reduced during their term of office.[23] In 2023, the attorney general's annual salary was $157,403.[24]

The attorney general serves as the state government's top legal officer.[25][26] Their duties and responsibilities are mostly enumerated in North Carolina's general statutes.[11] Their duties include providing legal representation to all state agencies; supplying advice upon request to judges, magistrates, and county and city attorneys in accordance with the American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct; and addressing appeals to state trial court verdicts. The attorney general may initiate legal action in the public interest or intervene in proceedings before any federal and state courts, regulatory officers, agencies or bodies on behalf of the state.[27] Per statute, the attorney general also renders nonbinding legal opinions upon questions of law submitted by the General Assembly, the governor, or any other state officer.[27][28][a] Despite their role as the top legal representative for the state, attorneys' general views are often passed over by governors, who frequently seek the advice of their appointed legal counsel.[26] Generally, the attorney general cannot give legal advice to private entities.[27] The General Assembly has also affirmed that the attorney general has power vested in them by common law tradition, as long as such authority is exercised in a manner consistent with state laws and the constitution.[31] The Supreme Court of North Carolina has not delineated the scope of the officer's common law authority, though it has ruled that this bestows upon the attorney general a "duty to prosecute all actions necessary for the protection and defense of the property and revenue of the sovereign people of North Carolina."[32]

The attorney general leads the North Carolina Department of Justice[25] and appoints its director.[33] It is in charge of the state crime lab.[34] They cannot prosecute cases themselves unless asked to do so by a local district attorney. The attorney general does not have any authority over courts, local district attorneys, or local law enforcement agencies.[27]

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Historically, most North Carolina attorney generals have been Democrats.[35] As of 2023, the last Republican to win election to the office was Zeb V. Walser in 1896. Republican James H. Carson Jr. was appointed to the office in 1974 to fill a vacancy and served for several months. According to journalist Reid Wilson, the electoral dominance of the position by Democrats is the longest-lasting partisan winning-streak for a statewide office in the history of the United States.[36]

Beginning in 1968, every Democrat elected to the attorney general's office has eventually campaigned to be elected governor except for Morgan, who was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1974. As of 2024, three of them, Mike Easley, Roy Cooper, and Josh Stein were successful, while two others were unsuccessful.[36]

List of attorneys general

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Elected by the legislature

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Attorneys General
No. Attorney General Term in office Source
1 Thomas McGuire 1767 – 1776 [7]
2 Waightstill Avery 1777 – 1779 [7]
3 James Iredell 1779 – 1782 [7]
4 Alfred Moore 1782 – 1791 [7]
5 John Haywood 1792 – 1795 [7]
6 Blake Baker Jr. 1795 – 1803 [7]
7 Henry Seawell 1803 – 1808 [7]
8 Oliver Fitts 1808 – 1810 [7]
9 William Miller 1810 [7]
10 Hutchins Gordon Burton 1810 – 1816 [7]
11 William P. Drew 1816 – 1824 [7]
12 James F. Taylor 1825 – 1828 [7]
13 Robert H. Jones 1828 [7]
14 Romulus Mitchell Saunders 1828 – 1834 [7]
15 John Reeves Jones Daniel 1835 – 1841 [7]
16 Hugh McQueen 1841 – 1842 [7]
17 Spier Whitaker 1842 – 1846 [7]
18 Edward Stanly 1846 – 1848 [7]
19 Bartholomew F. Moore 1848 – 1851 [7]
20 William Eaton Jr. 1851 – 1852 [7]
21 Matt Whitaker Ransom 1853 – 1855 [7]
22 Joseph B. Batchelor 1855 – 1856 [7]
23 William Henry Bailey 1857 [7]
24 William A. Jenkins 1857 – 1862 [7]
25 Sion Hart Rogers 1863 – 1868 [7]

Popularly elected

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Attorneys General
No. Attorney General Term in office Party Source
26 William M. Coleman 1868 – 1869 Republican [7]
27 Lewis P. Olds 1869 – 1870 Republican [7]
28 William Marcus Shipp 1870 – 1873 Democratic [7]
29 Tazewell L. Hargrove 1873 – 1877 Republican [7]
30 Thomas S. Kenan 1877 – 1885 Democratic [7]
31 Theodore F. Davidson 1885 – 1893 Democratic [7]
32 Frank I. Osborne 1893 – 1897 Democratic [37]
33 Zeb V. Walser 1897 – 1900 Republican [37]
34 Robert Dick Douglas 1900 – 1901 Republican [37]
35 Robert D. Gilmer 1901 – 1909 Democratic [37]
36 Thomas Walter Bickett 1909 – 1917 Democratic [37]
37 James S. Manning 1917 – 1925 Democratic [37]
38 Dennis G. Brummitt 1925 – 1935 Democratic [37]
39 Aaron A. F. Seawell 1935 – 1938 Democratic [37]
40 Harry McMullan 1938 – 1955 Democratic [37]
41 William B. Rodman Jr. 1955 – 1956 Democratic [38]
42 George B. Patton 1956 – 1958 Democratic [37]
43 Malcolm B. Seawell 1958 – 1960 Democratic [37]
44 T. Wade Bruton 1960 – 1969 Democratic [37]
45 Robert Burren Morgan 1969 – 1974 Democratic [37]
46 James H. Carson Jr. 1974 – 1975 Republican [37]
47 Rufus L. Edmisten 1975 – 1985 Democratic [37]
48 Lacy Thornburg 1985 – 1993 Democratic [37]
49 Mike Easley 1993 – 2001 Democratic [39]
50 Roy Cooper 2001 – 2017 Democratic [40]
51 Josh Stein 2017 – present Democratic [41]

Notes

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  1. ^ The attorney general's office states that its advice "should be complied with by [s]tate agencies and officials."[29] On sporadic occasions when the attorney general has felt unable to provide a suitable opinion, they have redirected questions for advice to the justices of the North Carolina Supreme Court.[30]

References

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  1. ^ North Carolina Manual 2011, pp. 191, 193.
  2. ^ Vick 2018, pp. 1859–1860.
  3. ^ North Carolina Manual 2001, p. 243.
  4. ^ North Carolina Manual 2011, pp. 192, 195.
  5. ^ a b c Vick 2018, p. 1860.
  6. ^ a b Vick 2018, pp. 1860–1861.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af North Carolina Manual 2011, p. 192.
  8. ^ Guillory 1988, p. 41.
  9. ^ Harris 2014, p. 2033.
  10. ^ Harris 2014, p. 2032.
  11. ^ a b Harris 2014, pp. 2032–2033.
  12. ^ North Carolina Manual 2011, p. 134.
  13. ^ Tarleton, Larry (July 28, 1971). "State Agencies Put In New Pigeonholes". The Charlotte Observer. p. 14A.
  14. ^ Eamon 2014, pp. 127, 139.
  15. ^ Orth & Newby 2013, p. 124.
  16. ^ "SBI History". North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  17. ^ Fain, Travis (March 28, 2023). "'Clear intimidation': NC SBI director says governor's office tried to oust him". WRAL. Capitol Broadcasting Company. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
  18. ^ Doran, Will (1 January 2017). "Josh Stein sworn in as North Carolina attorney general". The News & Observer. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  19. ^ a b North Carolina Manual 2011, p. 138.
  20. ^ "Terms of Office". North Carolina State Board of Elections. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  21. ^ "States' Lines of Succession of Gubernatorial Powers" (PDF). National Emergency Management Association. May 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  22. ^ Orth & Newby 2013, p. 115.
  23. ^ Orth & Newby 2013, p. 125.
  24. ^ Hyland, Michael (September 22, 2023). "Elected officials getting bigger pay raises than teachers, state workers in budget". CBS17. Nexstar Media. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  25. ^ a b Williams, Wiley J. (2006). "Attorney General". NCPedia. North Carolina Government & Heritage Library. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  26. ^ a b Fleer 2007, p. 255.
  27. ^ a b c d "Duties & Responsibilities". North Carolina Department of Justice. 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  28. ^ "Legal Opinions". North Carolina Department of Justice. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  29. ^ Crawford 2024, p. 535.
  30. ^ Bledsoe 1992, p. 1854.
  31. ^ Vick 2018, pp. 1863, 1865.
  32. ^ Harris 2014, pp. 2039–2040.
  33. ^ North Carolina Manual 2011, p. 190.
  34. ^ Doran, Will; Murphy, Brian (4 November 2024). "Jackson tops Bishop in race to be North Carolina's next attorney general". WRAL-TV. Capitol Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  35. ^ Montellaro, Zach (August 3, 2023). "Rep. Bishop to give up congressional seat to run for N.C. attorney general". Politico. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  36. ^ a b Doran, Will (November 26, 2023). "As state attorneys general get more political, NC's 2024 race looms large". WRAL-TV. Capitol Broadcasting Company. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p North Carolina Manual 2011, p. 193.
  38. ^ Mays 2008, p. 107.
  39. ^ "The SBI over the years: Who's been in charge". The News & Observer. August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  40. ^ "Who's On The Ballot?". Spectrum News 1. Charter Communications. 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  41. ^ "About the Attorney General". North Carolina Department of Justice. Retrieved August 21, 2022.

Works cited

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